Tier 2 — Documented
NGO, UN, and press investigations indexed with attribution. We do not state battlefield facts in our own voice.
Human Rights Watch · 2024-03-19
HRW and Oxfam submitted a joint memorandum finding Israeli assurances under NSM-20 not credible — cites US weapons use and aid obstruction.
Human Rights Watch report →Human Rights Watch · 2024-09-05
Joint letter documents US-origin JDAM and GBU-39 use in Gaza strikes — cites CNN and Amnesty findings on specific incidents.
Human Rights Watch report →Amnesty International · 2024-08-07
Amnesty identified US-made GBU-39 guided bombs in 26 May 2024 Tal al-Sultan (Kuwaiti Peace Camp) strikes — at least 36 killed including six children.
Amnesty International report →UN OCHA · 2024
UN OCHA publishes verified civilian impact statistics — separate from US authorization chain; does not identify munition types.
UN OCHA report →Human Rights Watch · 2024-11-25
HRW identified Boeing-assembled JDAM guidance kit remnants at an Oct 25, 2024 Hasbaya strike that killed three journalists.
Human Rights Watch report →Amnesty International · 2023-12-19
Amnesty documented US-origin JDAM use in two Gaza residential strikes (Oct 10 and 22, 2023) killing 43 civilians.
Amnesty International report →Bellingcat · 2026-02-04
Bellingcat OSINT analysis tracing US-origin MK-84 bomb bodies (General Dynamics lot numbers) and JDAM kits in Gaza strike sites.
Bellingcat report →